Some new mums swear by consuming baby's placenta.
MOLLY Halper never dreamed she'd consume her baby's placenta, an organ that serves as a link between mother and foetus and is usually discarded after birth.
"My husband and I used to make jokes" about people who did that, said Halper, who lives in Arlington Heights, Illinois, with her family. "We're not vegetarians or tree-hugging, granola-eating people. We're suburban Republicans. We thought it was some hippie thing."
But after struggling twice with the baby blues and needing to supplement her breast milk supply with formula, Halper became intrigued by the idea that the hormones in a placenta could help. To reduce the ick factor, Halper paid someone to process the tissue into capsules when her third child was born.
Medical experts say there is no scientific evidence that consuming placenta benefits women, as no controlled studies have tested it versus a placebo. Nor have placenta pills been analysed to see what substances they contain.
"Until all the science is in, the cautions outweigh the expected benefits," said Mark Kristal, a New York neuroscientist who has studied placentophagy – the scientific name for placenta consumption – in laboratory animals.
Yet the idea is popular enough that Halper's doula, Deb Pocica, said she has encapsulated more than 250 placentas for about US$250 (RM775) apiece. Pocica said she also has trained 30 people to make placenta capsules, mostly in the Chicago area.
Women who have consumed their baby's placenta claim benefits including reduction of fatigue, a more balanced mood and increased breast milk production.
Those reported gains also could be nothing more than the placebo effect, some doctors and researchers say. Encapsulation and digestion probably would destroy at least one class of hormones in the placenta, they note.
Halper said her doctors didn't object to her plan. Worst-case scenario, they said, the pills would have no effect. Her husband also was supportive.
So, after Halper's daughter was born, Pocica encapsulated the placenta and Halper took the pills for about six weeks.
Medical experts say there is no scientific evidence that consuming placenta benefits women, as no controlled studies have tested it versus a placebo. Nor have placenta pills been analysed to see what substances they contain.
Physically, she felt energetic and recovered quickly, Halper said. She was able to breastfeed her daughter without supplementing with formula, and she had no problems with the baby blues.
At her six-week appointment, her obstetrician remarked on how well she seemed to be doing.
"I was so shocked at how much better I felt," Halper said. "I can't recommend it enough."
In a survey of 189 women who had consumed their babies' placentas – raw, cooked or in capsule form – 95% reported their experience was either positive or very positive, and 98% said they would repeat the experience.
"Of course, we don't know if those are placebo effects and their positive results are based on their expectations," said Daniel Benyshek, corresponding author of the study and associate professor in the department of anthropology at the University of Nevada at Las Vegas.
The survey results were published this year in Ecology of Food and Nutrition. The report disclosed that the first author, Jodi Selander, is the founder of Placenta Benefits, an online information source that also offers training for placenta encapsulators.
Kristal, a professor of psychology at the State University of New York at Buffalo, has documented some benefits among rats that consumed raw placenta and amniotic fluid after giving birth. But he cautioned against attributing benefits to placenta consumption by human mothers.
"The science in humans just isn't there," he said. "There's nothing we can point to that says scientifically that eating placenta is helpful and that it is completely harmless."
Benyshek said he is in the final planning stages of a double-blind pilot study that would compare the effects of placenta capsules and a placebo on women's postpartum experiences.
The placenta, a rounded organ roughly the size of a Frisbee, grows inside the womb and serves as the boundary between woman and foetus, delivering nutrients and oxygen via the umbilical cord and carrying away waste and carbon dioxide.
It also takes over a mother's hormone production during pregnancy.
Many other female mammals, including humans' closest primate relatives, eat the placenta soon after birth, but there is no evidence that the behaviour is common in new mothers from any human culture, according to Kristal and Benyshek.
Kristal's work on laboratory rats has found that consuming both amniotic fluid and placenta leads to an increased tolerance for pain and quicker onset of maternal behaviour by modifying how some signals are processed in the brain.
He thinks the molecule that contributes to those positive effects probably is present and can function in people, too.
Yet Kristal said he suspects most benefits that mothers report from consuming their baby's placenta are rooted in the placebo effect. He notes that, among women who cite benefits, it does not seem to matter how the placenta is prepared, when the woman consumes it, or how much she consumes.
"It's almost part of human nature to assign causality where it doesn't necessarily exist," Kristal said. "Two things happen and people relate them in their minds. We all do it."
Dr Marybeth Lore, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, said she also thinks benefits can be attributed to the placebo effect.
Still, she added, it's hard to find fault with a placebo if it improves symptoms.
Kristal said he thinks one type of placental product – molecules called peptides – would be destroyed during processing or later in the digestive tract. But steroid hormones, which include progesterone and oestrogen, could be intact in placenta pills and survive digestion to be absorbed in the small intestine, he said.
None of those ideas has been scientifically tested, he emphasised. Nor is it clear whether consuming a placenta could be dangerous.
"I don't think it's a huge risk; I think it's possibly a slight risk," Kristal said. "We just have to be very careful about whether there's a negative side to it or not."
Dr Lore said that in 15 years, she has encountered perhaps five patients who wanted to consume their baby's placenta. While she tries not to be obstructive, Dr Lore said she does not encourage women to do it. "It's unlikely to be harmful, but you don't know."
Thirty-one percent of the women who responded to the survey on placentophagy did report some negative aspects, including unpleasant taste or smell, headache and cost to encapsulate.
Selander, who lives in Las Vegas and took placenta pills after the births of two of her three daughters, views encapsulation as a way to reduce the risk of postpartum blues during a time of fluctuating hormones.
"In every case, we're talking about healthy women consuming healthy placentas," which minimises potential risk, Selander said.
Deb Pocica, who has been a placenta encapsulator for five years, encapsulates a dried placenta at the home of a client.
Hospitals in Chicago have varying policies on patients who want to keep the placenta. Northwestern Memorial Hospital, for instance, requires the mother to sign a release form. She then is asked to take personal possession and transfer it out of the hospital, said Sue Fulara, operations manager of triage and labour and delivery.
Pocica, of Schiller Park, said the woman's partner or another family member usually brings the placenta home on ice. Pocica likes to start the encapsulation process within 24 to 48 hours, so the organ is as fresh as possible.
First, she lightly steams the placenta, then dehydrates it overnight in a food dehydrator. The next day, she grinds the dried placenta into a powder and puts the powder into capsules, which are kept in the fridge. She said she sterilises all her equipment and wears gloves.
New Lenox resident Marcy Pluchar said her husband introduced the idea of placenta encapsulation during her second pregnancy. He hoped it would help her feel better than she had after the birth of their first daughter, she said. "I was never diagnosed with postpartum depression, but I think I had it with my first."
Pluchar said taking placenta pills "really helped" – she even found herself checking her watch to see if it was time for the next dose.
Because of her positive experience, it was "not even a question" that she would enlist Pocica to encapsulate the placentas of her next children, twins now almost five months old.
"I think it's awesome," Pluchar said. "Could it be partly the placebo effect, that it works because I think it's going to work? Sure. But I don't care." – Chicago Tribune/McClatchy-Tribune Information Services
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